Japan builds technology to bury greenhouse gas emissions

Swathes of dirty clouds brood over a coal plant in rural Japan, but scientists are now hoping to send the pollutants the other way, deep into the bowels of Mother Earth.

By Kimiko de Freytas-TamuraPublished: 1:32PM GMT 10 Nov 2009

The cutting edge but controversial technology of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is being tested at the Mikawa power station, located near the coast of Japan's southern Fukuoka prefecture.
Toshiba has chosen it as a pilot site for a technology that it sees as a necessary complement to renewable energies such as wind and solar power in the battle to cut industrial emissions blamed for global warming.
"There is no silver bullet" to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, said Kensuke Suzuki, a Toshiba engineer, during a tour of the plant, about 900 kilometres (560 miles) south-west of Tokyo.
"Solar energy will not solve all the problems, and you can't just switch from coal to nuclear. You need to find a way to balance the reduction of emissions."
With worldwide coal use projected to rise in the coming decades, especially in China and India, proponents of the technique say that it can help fight climate change that is melting ice caps and threatening eco-systems.
"CCS will be the only technology to reduce emissions on a grand scale," said Shigeo Murai, who heads a study group on storing carbon dioxide, or CO2, at Japan's Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth.
"At the same time it won't be able to reduce overall emissions on its own. It will need help from solar and wind power."
Last month the six-storey Toshiba trial plant began trapping 10 tonnes of CO2 from flue gas, which is created when coal is burnt to make electricity.
In what is called the post-combustion method, the gas is pumped into a boiler which mixes it with amines and other liquid solvents. Subjected to high and low temperatures, the CO2 is then separated and compressed into a liquid.
The next step, still in the future in Japan, would be to pump the mixture deep underground - into a geological formation, a depleted oil reservoir or a saline field - and lock it far away from the atmosphere.
Although Toshiba's pilot plant captures only 10 per cent of the emissions and has yet to find a way to store the CO2, it says the technique promises to eventually trap up to 90 per cent of the pollutants.
Many question marks still hover over the technology. However, five large-scale integrated CCS projects are already operating in North America, Europe and North Africa.
Environmentalists give warning that the CO2 could seep out, and some geologists worry that it could erupt to the surface or even trigger minor earthquakes.
Greenpeace labelled it a "dangerous gamble" in a recent report, warning that large-scale projects "pose significant risks including negative health effects and damage to ecosystems (and) groundwater contamination".
There is also concern among green groups that CCS technology could give a new lease of life to fossil fuel use at a time when the world should quickly move on to cleaner energies.
Critics and proponents say that CCS could boost fossil fuel use by helping to "flush out" hard-to-reach oil or methane deposits.
Toshiba's experts say that in the so-called Enhanced Oil Recovery system, CO2 would be injected into semi-depleted oil fields to help release pockets of the remaining oil by acting "like turpentine on hardened paint".
Then there is the question of cost.
A plant fitted with CCS burns up to 40 per cent more energy and faces 60 per cent more in costs than an ordinary plant.
For consumers, that translates into adding up to $65 (£39) per tonne of CO2 to the cost of electricity, according to a report compiled by the Pew Center on Global Climate Change based near Washington.
But Japan is aiming to drive down costs to 2,000 yen (£13) a tonne by 2015 and to 1,000 yen by 2020 - levels competitive with other types of green energy, according to a government report.
Toshiba, which also entered the solar energy market this year, aims to market CCS technology by 2015 and hopes for revenues worth 100 billion yen by 2020.
Other Japanese companies have also joined the race, spurred in part by a Group of Eight developed nations pledge made in Japan last year to start 20 major CCS projects by 2010 and over 3,000 by 2050.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has conducted CCS-related research on a liquid natural gas power station in western Osaka prefecture, a steelworks plant outside Tokyo and a coal power station in northern Nagano.
Japan's biggest coal user, J-Power, teamed up with IHI Corp and Mitsui to build a CCS plant in Australia to capture about 10 to 15 per cent, or 100,000 tonnes, of the 30-megawatt plant's total emissions.
Japan may be leading CCS projects, but the efforts are mostly for export. The technology is unlikely to be used widely at home, experts say, because Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world.