Dutch aubergine grower pipes carbon dioxide into greenhouses

Having a chemical plant sited next door to your plantation isn't what the average farmer might want for his crop.

By Alix Rijckaert, in Terneuzen for AFP Published: 11:01AM GMT 14 Dec 2009
Jan van Duijn, however, walks proudly through his greenhouse, a vast glass and metal structure spread out over five hectares (12.3 acres) where millions of aubergines are doing very nicely thank you.
He's happy because thanks to a deal with a supplier, he's getting hot water piped in from the factory, which produces ammonia, to maintain the temperature at a constant 68 degrees F (20C).

The chemical site, five kilometres (three miles away), also supplies carbon dioxide which helps his aubergines grow more abundantly.
"We're pioneers in a way," van Duijn said, while admitting that what drove him to try this business model was cost.
The water from the Yara factory, where it is used as a coolant, flows along underground pipes and into his greenhouse at a temperature of 90 degrees C.
There it is circulated in pipes between the rows of aubergines, sharing its heat among the beds of rockwool they grow in, before being pumped back to the factory as coolant again.
Similarly, CO2 released during the manufacture of ammonia is injected into the greenhouse to stimulate growth.
"It's the basic principle of photosynthesis," van Duijn said. Combined with water and light, the plants convert the carbon dioxide into organic compounds, releasing oxygen as a side product.
The level of CO2 inside is three times higher than outside, giving a crop yield that according to van Duijn is two to three times greater.
He reckons the project will produce 2.5 million kilogrammes (5.5 million pounds) of aubergines a year, adding to the millions he already cultivates under glass on his land in the southern Netherlands.
Their temperature is monitored and adjustable by computer, said van Duijn, who employs 10 people in summer and 30 in winter at Terneuzen.
Using CO2 in greenhouses is a common practice in the Netherlands but it is rarely so closely tied to industry.
The Netherlands, Europe's top exporter of horticultural products cultivated under glass - think tulips - has 10,000 hectares under cover producing flowers, fruits, vegetables and other plants.
According to the horticultural association LTO Glaskracht they produced 5.2 megatonnes of CO2 last year - around 63 per cent of the agricultural sector's total emissions.
Meanwhile, keeping greenhouses at the right ambient temperatures accounted for eight to 10 per cent of the country's natural gas consumption.
"It's the first time residual heat is being reutilised on a large scale for a private, commercial venture," said Jacob Limbeek, the commercial director of WarmCO2, the company supplying the water and carbon gas.
He said that the system allows for a 90 per cent reduction in fossil fuel energy use compared with traditional greenhouses, which are heated by oil or natural gas.
Van Duijn, whose energy bill for the new greenhouse accounts for 20 per cent of fixed costs against 25 per cent for the standard version, struck a deal with WarmCO2 that set prices for the next 15 years.
"That gives us a certain security," he said. "Our competitors have no idea what their energy bills will be like from one year to the next, they depend on oil prices, gas prices and exchange rates."
WarmCO2, which also supplies greenhouses producing tomatoes and peppers, is aiming eventually to pipe CO2 to 168 hectares under glass at Terneuzen.
The sector, which is also experimenting with solar panels and geothermal energy, has committed itself to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 30 per cent by 2020 from its 1990 level, according to LTO Glaskracht.